Julius Rosenberg 

Julius Rosenberg

This is the kind of thing that drives bloggers to their computers, questioning the mainstream media.

A new film about the Rosenbergs, "Heir to an Execution: a Granddaughter's Story," by their granddaughter Ivy Meeropol.

Everyone...tiptoes...so...carefully. Were they guilty, yes or no? It's not really a big mystery, and there aren't really two equally smart or equally stupid sides to the story. It isn't just a shouting match involving people with different emotional stakes. Of course one wants to respect the feelings of the family, but still.

The NYT says Ethel's brother, (Julius's brother-in-law) David Greenglass "said that he had obtained crude sketches of a cross-section of the bomb and a crucial device known as a high-explosive lens mold and passed them to Julius." Julius then allegedly passed the information to the Soviets. There is far more evidence today that Julius actually spied for the Soviet Union, and handed over information on the bomb in particular, than there was in the early 50s.

"Despite various disclosures during the years about Julius Rosenberg, defenders have argued that the information he passed was inconsequential and was already known by the Soviets."

The Toronto Star today says the evidence used at the trial was "thin." It also says evidence that emerged much later from the VENONA project strongly indicated that Julius was guilty of different (though not unrelated) acts of espionage for the Soviet Union.

On the VENONA files, the NYT refers vaguely to CIA files that were released about a decade ago, and says:

Since then, "my brother and I have had to live with the possibility that unlike the lies told about them before, this could be true,'' Michael Meeropol, now 61 and a professor of economics at Western New England College in Springfield, Mass., said in an interview before the film was shown. "And we've asked ourselves, what does it mean if it is true? We can live with that and we can live with the ambiguity of never being sure."


Well, I guess if the family had hired a PR firm to defend Julius and Ethel, that's what they would have come up with. But: the New York Times?

I don't think this even counts as honest effort. True: the only evidence against Julius or Ethel at their trial concerned those sketches from Greenglass. It might seem hard to believe that the sketches would be of any use to the Soviets, especially since British physicist Klaus Fuchs was passing them detailed plans of the entire bomb, which he understood and had access to, whereas Greenglass did not.

But this was all dealt with in the great book that opened up the question of the Rosenbergs' guilt: The Rosenberg File, by Ronald Radosh and Joyce Milton (1983, 1997). I can't find two crucial things quickly on the web, but here is a good overview, including recent evidence and debates.

Yes, the Soviets were getting real plans for a plutonium bomb, from real physicists. But: Fuchs in particular had spied for them earlier, then stopped for a period of years. They had not heard from him, then suddenly he is at Los Alamos and wants to share plans for an unprecedented new weapon. He sends plans for a plutonium bomb. The Soviets were working on a bomb, but their work was going more slowly, and they were still working on a uranium bomb. The U.S. had made one uranium bomb (I believe--one of the two dropped on Japan)--and had moved on to plutonium believing rightly it would be more effective. Greenglass's sketches, almost no matter how crude, probably confirmed that Fuchs' detailed plans for a science fiction weapon were the real thing, and saved the Soviets the trouble of spending any more time on a uranium bomb.

There are two or three last gasps for Rosenberg defenders. The spy ring which was confirmed by VERONA may have existed only in WWII, when the Soviet Union was an ally. What's the harm etc... But when the Rosenbergs were arrested, several of their old friends, with jobs in sensitive facilities, travelled as quickly as they could to Mexico and/or behind the Iron Curtain. Some of them made it. Were they just trying to hide what they had done in WWII?

Ethel may have been innocent of any crime. The FBI only wanted her to face the death penalty so that they could pressure either her or Julius to talk. This didn't work, but they killed her any way--virtually the murder of a person against whom there was no solid evidence. That's what Radosh and Milton said in the 80s (the FBI had questions they wanted to ask Julius; No. 1 was "did your wife have any knowledge of your activities?"); but by the 90s they had started to think Ethel was part of a conspiracy.

Was it overkill--sorry--to execute people--something that was done to anyone else in the West--including Fuchs--in the Cold War?

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